A battle is looming over conflicting claims for the resources of the Arctic and Antarctic.
While Russia recently sought to stamp its authority on the North Pole by planting a flag on the seabed beneath it - angering Canada and the U.S. - a host of nations are claiming or preparing to claim rights to the land and sea resources around the South Pole.
At stake are some of the largest oil and mineral reserves still unexploited.
Reuters' Stuart McDill reports.
Soundbites: Dr Lindsay Parson, National Oceanography Centre, UK Carroll Muffett, Deputy Campaigns Director for Greenpeace