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 Editorials | Environmental | August 2006 
Billions Face Water Shortages: Agency
 James Grube - Reuters
| | A boat sits in the drought-ridden Entrepenas Reservoir in Sacedon, near Guadalajara, Mexico. A third of the world faces water shortages due to poor management of water resources and soaring water usage, driven mainly by agriculture.
(Pedro Armestre/AFP) |
A third of the world is facing water shortages because of poor management of water resources and soaring water usage, driven mainly by agriculture, the International Water Management Institute said this week.
Water scarcity around the world was increasing faster than expected, with agriculture accounting for 80 percent of global water consumption, the world authority on fresh water management told a development conference in Canberra.
Globally, water usage had increased by six times in the past 100 years and would double again by 2050, driven mainly by irrigation and demands by agriculture, said Frank Rijsberman, the institute's director-general.
Billions of people in Asia and Africa already faced water shortages because of poor water management, he said.
"We will not run out of bottled water any time soon but some countries have already run out of water to produce their own food," he said.
"Without improvements in water productivity ... the consequences of this will be even more widespread water scarcity and rapidly increasing water prices."
The Sri Lanka-based institute, funded by international agricultural research organizations, is due to formally release its findings at a conference in Sweden later this month.
Rijsberman said water scarcity in Asia and Australia affected about 1.5 billion people and was caused by over-allocating water from rivers, while scarcity in Africa was caused by a lack of infrastructure to get the water to the people who need it.
"The water is there, the rainfall is there, but the infrastructure isn't there," Rijsberman told reporters.
He said more needed to be done to promote rain-fed agriculture and to increase water storage in Africa, where many people live with water scarcity.
The Price Is Not Right
"Irrigation needs to be reinvented," said Rijsberman, adding irrigation in many countries was inefficient.
But scarcity problems could also be overcome by more efficient water use, recycling and better pricing of water, which in its bottled form was already rivaling the cost of oil.
Rising living standards in India and China would lead to increased demand for better food, which would take more water to produce, he said.
Rijsberman said the price of water would have to increase to meet an expected 50 percent increase in the amount of food the world will need in the next 20 years.
He said in Australia, five years into a drought, irrigation water costs less than five U.S. cents a cubic meter, compared to $1 to $2 per cubic meter for drinking tap water and $100 to $200 per cubic meter for bottled drinking water.
Australian Foreign Minister Alexander Downer, whose constituency covers the mouth of Australia's longest river system, the Murray-Darling, said solving water problems was a pressing problem for the world.
"Improving the efficiency of agricultural production and water use is fundamentally important to improving economic growth, sustainability and reducing poverty," Downer said.
The Murray-Darling runs through Australia's main crop and food-growing region but water flows have dropped dramatically because of drought and large amounts of river water pumped out to irrigate cotton.
Downer said Australian researchers were working with counterparts in China to develop new irrigation methods for rice, while Australian aid programs were working to improve water in the Mekong River through Laos, Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam.
A report on global water by environment group WWF released on Wednesday warned that rich nations, like Australia, were not immune to the coming water crisis.
It said Sydney was using more water than could be replenished and Australia had among the highest water usage in the world.
Each day, urban Australians use an average of 300 liters of water each, compared with Europeans who consume about 200 liters, while people in sub-Saharan Africa existed on 10-20 liters a day, said the report.
Rich Countries Like Poor Face Water Crisis
Reuters
Geneva - Rich countries have to make drastic changes to policies if they are to avoid the water crisis that is facing poorer nations, the WWF environmental organisation said on Wednesday.
In a survey of the situation across the industrialised world, it said many cities were already losing the battle to maintain water supplies as governments talked about conservation but failed to implement their pledges.
"Supporting large-scale industry and growing populations using water at high rates has come close to exhausting the water supplies of some First World cities and is a looming threat for many, if not most, others," the report warned.
It suggested that agriculture in the richer countries should have to pay more for water and be held responsible more actively for its efficient use and for managing wastes, like salt, especially in intensive livestock farming.
From Seville in Spain to Sacramento in California and Sydney in Australia, the report said, water had become a key political issue at local, regional and national levels as climate change and loss of wetlands dramatically reduce supplies.
"At the rhetoric level, it is now generally accepted in the developed world that water must be used more efficiently and that water must be made available again to the environment in sufficient quantity for natural systems to function."
"Many countries also recognise that extensive - and very expensive - repairs are required to reduce some of the damage inflicted on water systems and catchments in the past," it said.
But it added: "Putting the rhetoric into practice in the face of habitual practices and intense lobbying by vested interests has been very difficult."
In Europe, the report said, countries around the Atlantic are suffering from recurring droughts, while in the Mediterranean region water resources were being depleted by the boom in tourism and irrigated agriculture.
In Australia, already the world's driest continent, salinity had become a major threat to a large proportion of key farming areas, while in the United States wide areas were using substantially more water than could be naturally replenished.
Even in Japan with its high rainfall, contamination of water supplies had become a serious issue.
The overall picture, the WWF said, would only get worse in coming years as global warming brought lower rainfall and increased evaporation of water and changed the pattern of snow melting from mountain areas.
The report proposed seven ways to tackle the problem:
conserving catchments and wetlands; balancing conservation and consumption; changing attitudes to water; repairing ageing infrastructure; increase charges to farmers for water use; reduce water contamination; and more study of water systems. |
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